The basic problem when dealing with knowledge lies in the fact that the instruments applied themselves consist of knowledge: thus knowledge is defined by knowledge. Progress in understanding knowledge keeps within a narrow frame: apart from the proliferation of categories there are circular definitions (vicious circles), as discussed by Plato in his »Theaitet«, and even paradoxes.

 

According to Wittgenstein, however, the problem can be approached from two sides: in order to define knowledge it is necessary to know both sides of this definition - in other words: one should know what one can't know.

 

The fractal-based view taken here, therefore, mainly illuminates this side of the definition from a pragmatic, knowledge-economical perspective. It will focus on aspects of disinformation with emphasis on the phenomenon of Passive (or Qualitative) Disinformation.